Okavango Delta
The Okavango Delta, located in northwestern Botswana, is one of the world’s largest inland deltas and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Often called the “Jewel of the Kalahari,” it’s a breathtaking mosaic of waterways, islands, and floodplains formed where the Okavango River spills into the arid Kalahari Desert, creating a lush oasis teeming with wildlife. Below is a concise overview based on the latest information available.
Location and Overview
- Geography: Spanning 15,000–22,000 square kilometers (5,792–8,494 square miles, depending on seasonal flooding), the delta lies south of the Caprivi Strip and west of the Makgadikgadi Pans. Unlike typical deltas, it doesn’t flow into the sea but spreads into a fan-shaped network of channels, lagoons, and swamps, eventually evaporating or sinking into the desert.
- Key Features: The delta’s dynamic ecosystem includes permanent swamps, seasonal floodplains, and dry savanna. Iconic areas include the Moremi Game Reserve (covering the eastern third of the delta) and Chief’s Island, a large, wildlife-rich landmass. Its pristine waterways and islands offer unparalleled biodiversity and scenic beauty.
Formation and History
The Okavango Delta formed due to tectonic activity that blocked the ancient Lake Makgadikgadi’s drainage, forcing the Okavango River to spread across the Kalahari. Seasonal flooding from Angola’s highlands (peaking February–May) sustains the delta, creating a unique “flood in the dry season” phenomenon. Archaeological evidence shows human habitation dating back 100,000 years, with the San people and later Bantu groups living in the region. It was designated a UNESCO site in 2014 for its ecological and cultural significance.
Wildlife and Ecosystems
The delta is a biodiversity hotspot, supporting one of Africa’s densest concentrations of wildlife:
- Mammals: Home to the Big Five (lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo, rhino), plus hippos, crocodiles, giraffes, zebras, cheetahs, and rare species like African wild dogs and sitatunga antelope. Over 160 mammal species thrive here.
- Birds: Over 400 species, including African fish eagles, pelicans, herons, and the rare wattled crane. It’s a birdwatcher’s paradise, especially during the wet season.
- Ecosystem: The delta’s mix of permanent and seasonal wetlands, grasslands, and woodlands creates diverse habitats. Floods replenish nutrients, supporting lush vegetation and attracting massive herds.
